-2 Latinitas huius rei dubia est. Corrige si potes. Vide {{latinitas}}.

Nomen Graecum αθεοι (atheoi) sic apparet in Epistula ad Ephesios in Papyro 46, manuscripto saeculi tertii ineuntis.^[1]

Atheismus (Graece: ἀ 'sine' + θεος 'Deus') sensu lato est reiectio fidei deitates exsistere, aut non credere ullo deo.^[2] Sensu strictiore, atheismus est opinio nullos deitates exsistere.^[3] Sensu strictissimo, atheismus simpliciter absentia fidei ullas deitates exsistere.^[4] Atheism contra theismum stat,^[5][6] qui in forma communissina est fides in una saltem deitate existente.^[6][7]

Adseculae atheismi appellantur "athei" sive "atheistae."

Multi atheismum cum indevotione^? identificant,^? sed nonnullae philosophiae religiosae, sicut theologia saecularis et varietates Buddhismi sicut Theravada, deorum credentia plane carent aut atheismum docent.

Terminus atheismus ortus est sicut epitheton peioravitus^? de homine aut fide contra religionem ratam. Per autem aetates, cum cogitationes, scepticismus, et reprehensio de religione floruerunt, terminus significationem specificam adquisitus ab atheis magis et magis adhibetur.

Definitio

Ricardus Dawkins atheus acroasim mense Martio anni 2005 facit.

Non constat definitio verbi atheismus. Alii atheos appellant eos qui deos esse dubitant; alii appellant atheos solos qui nullos deos exsistere plane credunt, et agnosticos qui nullos deos exsistere incerte suspectant.

Auctor studiosusque biologiae Ricardus Dawkins in libro The God Delusion ('Delusio de Deo') dicit continuationem esse graduum fidei de probabilitate dei:

1. 100%. Theismus fortis: dixit Carolus Jung "non credo, scio."
2. Paene 100%. "Non scio, sed fortiter credo, agoque quasi est deus."
3. Paulo plus quam 50%. Agnosticus qui se inclinatur ad theismum.
4. 50%. Agnosticus.
5. Paulo minus quam 50%. Agnosticus qui se inclinatur ad atheismum.
6. Paene 0%. "Nescio, sed fortiter dubito, agoque quasi non est deus."
7. 0%. "Scio deum non esse"

Dawkins dubitat quin multi "7" sint, et se "6.8" esse ait.

Historia

Asia

Ortu religionibus Dharmicis, multi in Asia fidem in unum deum reiecerunt. Adhuc, pauci in Asia orientalis in deum credunt.

Europa Antiqua

Philosophi Graeci, Iudaei, Christianiique eos qui in deos Graecos non credebant, ἄθεος appellaverunt. Diagorus Meli primus atheistus appellatus est, qui iniuriis impunitis fidem in deos reiecit; ille mysteria Eleusinia reprehendit, et statua dei in ignem deiecta rogavit quin deus ipsum non conservatus esset. Socrates ab accusatoribus "atheus" appellatus est.

Notae

1. ↑ Nomen substantivum αθεοι—in ullis suarum formis—alibi in Septuaginta vel Novo Testamento non invenitur. Robertson, A.T. (1960). Word Pictures in the New Testament. Broadman Press. – "Old Greek word, not in LXX, only here in N.T. Atheists in the original sense of being without God and also in the sense of hostility to God from failure to worship him. See Paul's words in Ro 1:18–32."
2. ↑ *Nielsen, Kai (2010). Atheism. Textus interretialis. – "Atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. . . . Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons (which reason is stressed depends on how God is being conceived)"
   • Edwards, Paul (2005). Donald M. Borchert: Atheism. Vol. 1 MacMillan Reference USA (Gale). ISBN 0028657802 – "On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion." (Pagina 175 in editione 1967.)
3. ↑ Rowe, William L. (1998). Edward Craig: Atheism. Taylor & Francis Textus interretialis. ISBN 9780415073103 – "As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of "atheism" is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. . . . An atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology."
4. ↑ Commentarius societatis Religioustolerance.org de Definitionibus nominibus "Atheism" subicit nullum consensum de definitione nominis esse. Simon Blackburn in The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy adfirmat: "Atheism. Either the lack of belief in a god, or the belief that there is none". Plurima dictionaria unam ex angustioribus definitionibus offerunt.
   • Runes, Dagobert D.(editor) (1942 edition). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library Textus interretialis. ISBN 0-06-463461-2 – "(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought"
5. ↑ "Definitions: Atheism" Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama. (Nexus die 2011-04-09 confirmatus)
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1} Oxford English Dictionary. (1989). – "Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism."
7. ↑ "Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". (Nexus die 2011-04-09 confirmatus) – "belief in the existence of a god or gods".

Bibliographia

• Baggini, Julian (2003). Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280424-3
• The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2007). ISBN 0-521-60367-6
• Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus. ISBN 0-87975-124-X
• Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1 Polish Thomas Aquinas Association Textus interretialis.

Res additae

• Berman, David (1990). A History of Atheism in Britain: From Hobbes to Russell. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04727-7
• Buckley, M. J. (1990). At the Origins of Modern Atheism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300048971
• Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 0593055489
• Flew, Antony (2005). God and Philosophy. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1591023300
• Tom Flynn: The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books (2007). ISBN 1-59102-391-2
• Gaskin, J.C.A.: Varieties of Unbelief: From Epicurus to Sartre. New York: Macmillan (1989). ISBN 0-02-340681-X
• Germani, Alan (2008-09-15). "The Mystical Ethics of the New Atheists". The Objective Standard 3(3). Glen Allen Press (Nexus die 2008-09-15 confirmatus)  
• Harbour, Daniel (2003). An Intelligent Person's Guide to Atheism. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3229-9
• Harris, Sam (2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Knopf. ISBN 978-0307265777
• Harris, Sam (October 2, 2007). "The Problem with Atheism" The Washington Post. (Nexus die 2010-06-18 confirmatus)
• Hitchens, Christopher (2007). God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. Twelve. ISBN 978-0446579803
• Jacoby, Susan (2004). Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0805074420
• Krueger, D. E. (1998). What is Atheism?: A Short Introduction. New York: Prometheus. ISBN 1-57392-214-5
• Le Poidevin, R. (1996). Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09338-4
• Mackie, J. L. (1982). The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019824682X
• Maritain, Jacques (1953). The Range of Reason. London: Geoffrey Bles Textus interretialis.
• Martin, Michael (1990). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-943-0
• Michael Martin & Ricki Monnier: The Impossibility of God. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books (2003). ISBN 1-59102-120-0
• Michael Martin & Ricki Monnier: The Improbability of God. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books (2006). ISBN 1-59102-381-5
• Some Dogmas of Religion. London: Edward Arnold & Co. (1930). ISBN 0-548-14955-0
• Nielsen, Kai (1985). Philosophy and Atheism. New York: Prometheus. ISBN 0-87975-289-0
• Nielsen, Kai (2001). Naturalism and Religion. New York: Prometheus. ISBN 1573928534
• Oppy, Graham (2006). Arguing about Gods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521863864
• Robinson, Richard (1964). An Atheist's Values. Oxford: Clarendon Press Textus interretialis. ISBN 0198241917
• Russell, Paul (October 4, 2005). Edward N. Zalta: Hume on Religion. Metaphysics Research Lab Textus interretialis.
• Sharpe, R.A. (1997). The Moral Case Against Religious Belief. London: SCM Press. ISBN 0-334-02680-6
• Stenger, Victor J. (2007). God: The Failed Hypothesis. How Science Shows that God Does Not Exist. Amherst, NY: Prometheus. ISBN 1-59102-481-1
• Thrower, James (1971). A Short History of Western Atheism. London: Pemberton. ISBN 0-301-71101-1

Nexus externi

• http://athpedia.de
• Bibliotheca Augustana, textus atheismum provehens: http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost17/Mueller/mue_impo.html Iohannis Ioachimi Müller: De tribus impostoribus, anno 1598

Haec stipula ad religionem spectat. Amplifica, si potes!